AM fungi provide their host plants with nutrients (such as N and P) and water in return, fungi receive sugars and lipids (Luginbuehl et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, members of the phylum Glomeromycota, are ecologically essential components of soil communities (Borowicz 2001) and form obligate mutualistic associations with the roots of many plants, including many crops (Smith and Read 2008).
The ability of crop plants to sustain yields under herbivore attack is critical for sustainable crop production. Furthermore, associations with soil microorganisms may affect the ability of a plant to recover from herbivore injury. 2012), and these interactions may affect the yield or fitness of plants. The below-ground herbivores, pathogens, and microbial symbionts associated with the roots of a plant can affect organisms inhabiting above-ground portions of the plant and vice versa (Soler et al. This study highlights for the first time the potential for AM fungi seed treatments to increase rice tolerance to insect pests by influencing plant biomass and yields. Analyses of nutrient contents in roots and shoots revealed inconsistent effects of inoculation with AM fungi. However, inoculation with AM fungi did not reduce percent yield losses after herbivory injury. Inoculation with AM fungi increased rice biomass before and after flooding, and a clear but not always significant increase in yield was observed in plants inoculated with AM fungi. Inoculation with AM fungi increased densities of weevil larvae and whiteheads resulting from stemborer infestations, while insecticidal seed treatments significantly reduced densities of weevils and marginally reduced whiteheads. Inoculation with AM fungi increased root colonization in all four field experiments in rice. The experiments followed a 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of two AM fungi seed treatments (inoculated or non-inoculated with AM fungi) and two insecticide seed treatments (treated or untreated). Rice plants were exposed to natural infestations of herbivores during early and mid-to-late season over four field experiments. We investigated whether inoculation of rice ( Oryza sativa) with AM fungi stimulates plant growth, yield, and/or tolerance to rice water weevil ( Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus) injury.
Associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can increase or decrease plant resistance to herbivory in different crop systems, but the effects of AM fungi on plant tolerance to pests remain largely unknown.
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